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LAGOS - Across Africa, while court verdicts ensured rights for Ģ����Ƶ people in Kenya and Namibia, countries such as Uganda and Ghana doubled down on anti-Ģ����Ƶ legislation.

The year began with 32 of 54 African countries criminalising Ģ����Ƶ people, according to rights group Human Dignity Trust. Going into 2024, that number is down to 31.

Here are the significant updates from 2023.

Mauritius: The island country's highest court , striking down a  dating back to 1898.

Kenya: The east African country's Supreme Court in February affirmed the right of Ģ����Ƶ advocacy groups to register as NGOs.

Following the ruling, opposition member of parliament Peter Kaluma presented a  in May that would effectively undo the Supreme Court's decision by limiting Ģ����Ƶ people's rights of assembly, expression and demonstration. The bill is still in parliament and has not yet been passed.

Namibia: The Supreme Court  conducted outside the southern African country. In October, arguments were heard by Namibia's Supreme Court in a case challenging the constitutionality of laws banning sodomy and related offences. The court will deliver a judgment in May 2024.

Uganda: President Yoweri Museveni signed into law one of the  in May, including the death penalty for "aggravated homosexuality". The law allows for life imprisonment for certain offences involving same-sex intercourse, 20-year sentences for "" and up to 10 years for attempting to commit same-sex acts.

Ghana: The west African nation is poised to follow Uganda in enacting strict anti-Ģ����Ƶ legislation after its Supreme Court rejected an appeal to prevent the legislature from passing the bill into law. The , first introduced in 2021, will criminalise same-sex relations and transitioning gender, while advocating for Ģ����Ƶ rights could lead to a sentence of up to 10 years in prison.

Nigeria: Africa's most populous country saw  within three months in which a total of 145 people were detained for attending what authorities said were gay weddings.

Tunisia: An appeals court in January dropped the protracted prosecution of a gay rights activist, known as Daniel, ruling the case inadmissible due to . Tunisia retains  that continues to be used against Ģ����Ƶ people and activists in the country.

This story is part of a series supported by HIVOS's  programme.

(Reporting by Muhammed Akinyemi; Editing by Sadiya Ansari and Jon Hemming.)